Exploring the Type 6 Secretion System: Novel Anti-Fungal toxins and their mechanisms of action

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a needle-like mechanism used by many Gram-negative bacteria to deliver toxins directly into competing bacteria, host cells, or other microbes, including fungi. It functions as a molecular weapon for inter-microbial competition and host manipulation. T6SS injects various effectors, including anti-bacterial and anti-fungal toxins, into target cells. These toxins can degrade cell walls, disrupt membranes, or inhibit cellular functions, leading to the death or inhibition of the targeted cells. When targeting fungi, bacteria with T6SS can release anti-fungal toxins that attack the fungal cell wall or membrane. This allows bacteria to outcompete fungi in shared environments, such as soil or the human microbiome. In summary, T6SS is a crucial bacterial tool for delivering lethal toxins to competitors, including fungi, helping bacteria survive and thrive in competitive niches.